The Court Of Public Opinion

Identity theft, one of the most frequently reported crimes in America, is a federal crime under the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act. Identity fraud occurs when a charlatan illegitimately uses your personal and/or financial information to use your credit accounts, tap your bank accounts, get new credit in your name, file fraudulent tax returns, get cell phones in your name, access your insurance benefits, and so on. For years, the primary cause of identity fraud has been good old-fashioned or low-tech analog crime. Charlatans rummaging though mailboxes, snatching purses or searching the garbage for discarded bank statements or credit card receipts used to be prime examples of identity thieves. Identity thieves use what we call dumpster diving to increase their odds of finding someone’s indentity information for their use.

Rapid progressions in technology have seen a plague of sophisticated phishing email attacks. These emails persuade the reader to click on links leading to false web sites that look similar to online banking sites, online auction sites (for instance, eBay), or online shopping site (for example, Wal-Mart). One of the more alarming ways that pretenders steal your ID is via spyware, or bugs that search your system for personal information and anonymously send it to someone over the Internet. Identity thieves also use key-loggers to watch and report every keystroke you make. To protect yourself against these types of threats you should install identity theft software like a firewall on your computer such as ZoneAlarm, McAfee Personal Firewall, or Norton Personal Firewall to block unidentified outgoing traffic from your system to the Internet. The small investment in these forms of software will go a long ways in providing you protection.

You should also consider installing comprehensive identity theft software like a security suite, such as McAfee Internet Security Suite, Norton Internet Security, or ZoneAlarm Security Suite. In addition to virus protection and firewall software, this identity theft software includes tools to keep your personal information safe and secure. The functionalities of all these identity theft software are similar. You enter sensitive information, such as your bank account, credit card, and Social Security number into the software. Then, whenever you send your personal information via email, type it into a web site, and so on, this identity theft software sends you an alert. It protects you against ID fraud by ensuring private information is never relayed from your system without your knowledge.

Keith Londrie II is a well known author. For more information on Identity Theft, please visit Identity Theft for a wealth of information. You may also want to visit keith’s own web site at http://keithlondrie.com/

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In this research article, we shall study the administration and trial of the offence by Criminal court established under Cr.P.C 1898 and other laws in Pakistan and what are principals of administration of these criminal courts? We shall also study types of administrative agencies and how these investigating agencies provide assistance the courts in administration of criminal justice.

Principal of Administration
The section 5 criminal procedure Code (1898) has enunciated the administration and trial of offence falling penal provisions of PPC shall be investigated and enquired and other dealt according to the provisions of the criminal procedure Code but subject to any other enactment time being in force which prescribed special form of procedure for regulation, manner or place of trial investigation and trial of offences.

1. Territorial Jurisdiction
All criminal court and investigating agency established under Cr.P.C or special laws have their territorial jurisdiction for administration of criminal justice. Under subsection 1 of section 7 of Cr.P.C. each province shall consist of sessions divisions; every session division shall for the purpose of this code, the section 7 Cr.P.C relates to territorial division. It provides that each province shall consist of session division, and every session division shall be for purpose of code is a district or consist of districts. It is the provincial which is empowered to alter the limits or number of each divisions and district. According to provisions, it is the provincial government to divide any districts or make any portion of any such district a subdivision and may alter the limitation of any such-division.

If in the opinion of a court taking cognizance of the offence, and the case appears to be one in which, according to the fourth column, a warrant to be issued in first instance, a causing to be brought or to bear at certain has no jurisdiction some other having the jurisdiction. It provide that each province shall be consist of session divisions and every session division shall for purpose of the code a district or consist of districts. It is the province government which is empowered to alter the limitation or number of such divisions and districts. According to section 8 it is for the provincial to divide any district into sub-divisions or make any portion of any such district a sub division, and may alter the limit of any sub division.

2. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of subject matter is often vested on that subject where special investigating agency or special court is constituted for administration of these offences. The criminal court and investigating agency exercise their jurisdiction on particular subject matter that jurisdiction is derived from special law enforceable in Pakistan.

Criminal Courts for Administration
There are two types of courts in Pakistan, first established under Cr.P.C and others are established by special enactment.

1. The court established under Code of Criminal Procedure
Chapter II of the code of criminal procedure 1898 deals with constitution and power of trial courts and offences committed in penal code and other laws. The section 6 has defined the criminal court for purpose of prosecution of the offences. The section has provided the three classes of the courts for the purpose of prosecution of the offences. These court act and prosecute the offence under their defied jurisdiction. The class of courts includes the court of magistrate, session and High Court for the purpose of administration of criminal justice. The power has been given the established to try offence under penal court and other offences which ahs not been defined in penal provision but in other provision of laws.

2. The court established under provision of special laws
There are types of court for the purpose prosecution not falling Pakistan penal Code 1860, and these courts are established the federal or provincial legislation establish these court for the purpose of the prosecution of special offence penalized under special laws time being in force. There type of court act under special procedure described in special laws. The purpose of the administration and providing procedure for these prosecutions of these offences are that these offences are promulgated for special and often the code of Criminal procedure is inadequate to meet the requirement for these courts.

Types of Criminal Courts established under Cr.P.C
Under section of criminal procedure code, besides the high court and court session under any law other than this code for time being in force, there shall be two classes of the courts in Pakistan.

1. District Magistrate
Under section 10 of Cr.P.C of 1898, the provincial government shall appoint district magistrate and provincial government shall also appoint additional district magistrate to exercise jurisdiction in one or more districts, and such additional district magistrate shall have or any of the powers of district magistrate under this code or under any other law for time being in force, as the provincial government shall direct. The subsection 1 of section 12 of Cr.P.C of 1898 may appoint as many persons as it think fir to be may time to time define the local areas within which persons may exercise all or any of the powers within which they may respectively be invested under the code.

Under sub section 1 of section 14 of Cr.P.C. of 1898, The provincial government may on the recommendation of the high court, confer upon any person all or any of the powers conferred or conferrable by or under this code on a judicial magistrate in respect to particular cases or to a particular classes of cases or in regard to case generally in local areas. As defined in such magistrate shall be called special judicial magistrate and shall be appointed for such terms as the provincial government may, in consultation with high court, general or special order, direct.

2. Court of Session
Under section 9 of Cr.P.C of 1898, the provincial government shall establish a court of session for every session division and appoint a judge of such court and also one of more session division to exercise jurisdiction in one of more courts.

The provincial government is empowered to establish a court of session for every session division and also appoint judge of such court. The Subsection 3 of section 9 empowers the provincial government to make appointment of additional session judge and to exercise jurisdiction in one or make such courts.

The session judgment is deem to superior to additional session but as regard with power of both are same. Only limit to the power of the assistant session judge is that assistant session judge can pass the death sentence or imprisonment for more that seven years as cited in 1998 P.Cr.L.J. 572.

3. High Court
The high has been established under Articles of Constitution of Pakistan and also have been given power of trial and appeal under Cr.P.C 1898. In addition to these power confirmed under Cr.P.C, the High Court has been confirmed special powers under articles of Constitution of Pakistan 1973 for administration of Criminal justice.

Power of the criminal Courts for administrate
The jurisdiction of every statue to try offence is derived from the penal statute; either that statute establishes court or penal provisions.

1. Offence falling under penal code
Under section 28 of Cr.P.C of 1898, all offence provided in penal statutes shall be tried by magistrate, session and high courts and other court which has mentioned in eighth column of the second schedule to be triable. Magistrate is not barred from sending the case to session for trial even if he has commenced trial by recording evidence. Legislature has contemplated that magistrate should not only send cases for trial which are exclusively triable by court of session or high Court but also cases which in opinion of magistrate should or ought to be tried by such court.

It is essential that that offence should be shown to be triable by court concerned. Offence not shown in schedule to be triable by magistrate, triable by magistrate is without jurisdiction, 1972 P.Cr.L.J 233. If the offence is triable by magistrate, the session judge can transfer the case from court of magistrate to itself merely because of want of jurisdiction as decided in PLD 1966 SC 589.

2. Offences falling in other laws
Under subjection 1 of section 29 of Cr.P.C of 1898, subject to any other law for time being in enforce, when any court which is mentioned above in this behalf in such law be tried by such court. Under subjection 2 of section 29 of Cr.P.C of 1898, when no offence shall not to be tried by any court, it shall to be tried by High Court.

A magistrate appointed under the code does not cease to be such a magistrate merely because he has been given certain special or additional power under special statute. Therefore, an appeal under section 408 of the code is available to a person convicted or trial by first class magistrate appointed under the code of code of criminal procedure unless the special statute which has created the offence has made express provision barring the appeal as cited in PLD 1970 Decca 260.

Administrative power of Punishment Here is brief description of powers have vested on various for passing sentence orders.

1. Sentence which are to be passed session and High Court
Under subsection 1 of section 31 of Cr.P.C 1898, a high court may pass any sentence authorized by law. Under subsection 2, session Judge or additional session judge may pass any sentence authorized by law; but any sentence of death passed by any such judge shall be subject to confirmation by high Court. Under subsection 3 of section 31 of Cr.P.C. of 1898, Assistance session is not authorized to pass the death sentence or imprisonment for term exceeding seven years.

2. Sentence which magistrate may pass
Under subsection 1 of section 32, the court of magistrate may pass the following sentences namely, the Court of Magistrate of first can pass the imprisonment of description of term not exceeding three such solitary confinements as they are authorized by law and fine not exceeding fifteen thousands rupees and Arsh whipping, the Court magistrate of second may pass order of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year including such solitary confinement as is authorized by law; and Fine not exceeding five thousand. The court of Magistrate of third class for may pass order of imprisonment for term not exceeding one month and fine not exceeding thousand rupees. The code of criminal procedure having first enumerating the courts by which different offence could be tried has proceeded to define the limits of sentence which the various courts can pass. The limits provided in these sections show the maximum sentence which a court can pass, they have nothing to do with maximum penalty provided for a offence.

Administrative Agencies

1. The establishment of administrative agencies under Code of Criminal Procedure 1898

There are two types of Agencies are working in Pakistan for administration and of criminal justice, first is local police which has its enactment which led to established for prosecution. The Prosecution of this offence has established whose function and administrative procedure has been defined in Code of Criminal Procedure 1898.

2. The establishment of investigating agencies under other laws
The other types of investigating and administrative agencies are established under special law for prosecution of offences falling provisions of special laws for times being in force. These agencies having their procedure being defined in special enactment, like the Federal Investigating agency has its own investigating and administrative agency for the purpose of prosecution of the offence. FIA have own administrative power and jurisdiction over the defined subjects.

The administrative power of investigating agency established under Cr.P.C 1898
The police have been established under the Cr.P.C provisions for the purposes investigation of the crimes, and various administrative functions are performed by police for end of criminal administration.

1. Prevention
The section 150 of Cr.P.C 1898 has made it compulsory on part of police to prevent the commission or omission of offence with best of his abilities. The prevention of the offences shall to be prevented when the communication of the offence has made to the police, they are immediately obliged to communicate it has police officer for the purpose of adopting prevention measures for it. The police shall adopt methods of the prevention the crime by arresting that person where no other method is available for the same purpose.

2. Investigation
The section 156 of Cr.P.C. is related with investigating procedure of police when any information is made relating to the commission of the cognizable or non-cognizable offence is orally or in writing the officer in charge of a police shall put down into the record book for future narrating gist of the information which has made to him. The police officer in whose jurisdiction the commission of cognizable offence has taken place will inquire and investigate the offence, but however the subsection 1 and 2 section 155 of Cr.P.C. has made proviso that In the case of non-cognizable offence, he has to communicate to Magistrate for seeking permission for further investigations. The section 157 of Cr.P.C relates with the procedure where commission of cognizable offence are suspected, the police officer is obliged to conduct local investigation into fact and circumstances offences on the spot.

3. Search
The police can exercise their power of search under the section 165 of Cr.P.C. 1898, where the reasonable grounds are available which cause the police to investigate any matter which is falling in the jurisdiction, they can make search purpose of making investigation but the limit to make investigation has been put under Bankers Book Evidence Act 1891.

4. Arrest
Under the section 46 of Cr.P.C. 1898, the police making arrest of person are made for purpose preventing that person from committing offence or putting that person in custody of police for the alleged committing of offences. The section 47 of Cr.P.C. says that where the arrest is essential for the purpose of the making arrest of that person, they can make search of the premises where the person supposed have take abode or hiding himself.

5. Framing of charges
The section 221 of Cr.P.C 1898 is related with the framing of the charges, police frames the charges of the offence which the accused has committed; these describe the particulars of the offence which has been committed. There are many other formalities of the law which is required to be fulfilled in as defined Cr.P.C provisions.

6. Recording of statement and evidence
The police officer making an investigation under this chapter may, by order in writing , requires the attendance before such as the provisional government may prescribe in order, such officer may examine the orally any such person supposed to be acquainted with fact of the case. Under The section 161 of Cr.P.C 1898, the person accused or acquainted with fact is bound to give all answer of all questions which are asked by the police. The police officer may reduce into writing such statement which has made by witness in course of examination by police officer.

Summary
We have studied the administration and trial of the offence by Criminal court established under Cr.P.C 1898 and other laws in Pakistan and the basic principal of administration is territorial and subject matter division of jurisdiction of various criminal courts and investigating agencies. There are two types of court first established under Cr.P.C; other are constituted under other laws. There are also two major investigating agencies are in Pakistan for purpose administration of criminal justice. The procedure of investigation is Police is made according to Cr.P.C provisions and FIA administrate crime according to FIA Act.

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Sales of Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) have sky-rocketed in the United States, accounting for over 25 percent of all new-vehicle sales in 2004 and representing almost 14 percent of all registered vehicles in the nation, with more than 22 million on the road. Many buyers ironically cite safety issues for their decision, claiming that they feel more protected because they are larger, heavier and higher than cars. Unfortunately, when it comes to rollover accidents - the leading cause of death on America’s highways - SUVs are among the riskiest vehicles driven today. New fatality statistics show that over 12,000 people died last year in rollovers, with SUVs averaging the highest rate at nearly 62 percent.

Americans penchant for large SUVs make the roads even more dangerous than they should be. These large vehicles with a narrow and unstable wheel base combined with a high center of gravity and poor safety design kill thousands of people each year because few understand how dangerous they are. Automakers do not go out of their way to improve their products or alert consumers to their dangers, and this combined with a false sense of security that larger vehicles are safer make them deadly killing machines.

Pedestrians share the roadways with motorists and have the right of way, but no person can stand up to a car that is barreling down on them. Physics will prevail, and pedestrian knockdowns are becoming more and more common now that the roads are more and more clogged. Many pedestrians knocked down by cars suffer extensive injuries such to their head, spine, bones, internal organs, and general health.

Being paralyzed is one of the worst possible outcomes that can come out of a car accident. Paralysis occurs when the vital nerves that control various body parts are damaged or severed. This usually happens when there is a traumatic impact to the neck or spinal cord. As a result, parts of a victims body will no longer retain the same mobility or sensation as they once had. Many times hands wont be able to clinch; legs wont be able to work and in severe cases entire portions of the body are left immobilized.

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After a car crash, many people dont realize their injuries are serious. Just because a victims head isnt bleeding, doesnt mean they are perfectly fine. Closed head injuries often occur after car accidents and almost 2 million people suffer from these types of injuries every year. This usually occurs when a car crash victims head suddenly hits a hard service at a fast speed without penetrating their skull. This type of collision results in internal injuries within the brain. Windshields, steering wheels, car seats and dashboards can all injure the brain. Because the brain is the most critical organ in the human body, it is also the most fragile. In fact, in some cases it doesnt even matter if there is any impact at all. Whiplash alone can even cause a closed head injury.

There were almost 200,000 people arrested for DUI in California alone last year. Out of those numbers there were just over 180,000 were misdemeanor offenses and a large portion of those cases were overturned by DUI lawyers.

DUI is an acronym that stands for Driving Under the Influence. A person is guilty of a DUI if they decide to operate a motor vehicle after the consumption of alcoholic beverages or any chemical or controlled substances. In California, there are a wide variety of laws that involve intoxicated individuals. California has some of the most severe penalties for driving under the influence in all of the United States.

In California you cannot drive a motor vehicle if your BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) is over .08%. After youve been pulled over, the officer will administer a test giving you the choice of blood, breath or urine. Breath tests are the most common, and the device used to measure your BAC with your breath is called a breathalyzer.

If you or a loved one has suffered from paralysis due to a car accident, you may be entitled to seek compensation for your injuries. It is important that you contact a qualified car accident attorney today and get a free case review. Time is crucial when it comes to lawsuits, so its important not to procrastinate. An experienced car crash lawyer will help you get your life back on track.

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Becoming a lawyer in todays society is a noble goal to undertake. There are many jokes about lawyers that we all have heard, but the truth is, it takes a lot of work to become a an attorney. Pursuing a career as an attorney allows one to experience the gift of helping people in ways that most people are unable to. If your heart ever goes out to struggling individuals legal battles, then this career may just be for you.

To get into law school, you must first have an undergraduate degree from an accredited institution. Unlike Medical school, there is not really a certain type of major that is required at this time of writing. Some may major in pre-law which focuses on the government, criminal justice and aspects of politics. But it would be perfectly fine to major in math or history. As long as your GPA is high enough to get into the college and your score well on the LSAT, then you increase your chances of getting into this field. Depending on what type of law you decide to study and the school you go to, requirements for your GPA will be different. For example, in you decide to go to Harvard Law School; your competition will be fierce because most of the people applying will have 4.0 GPAs. On the other hand, if you decide to go to a law school in Hawaii, the GPA requirements will be lower because most people will be trying to go to more recognized law schools. This is not to say that non Ivy League schools will not offer a wonderful education for any individual who is focused and determined. For example, the late Johnny Cochran did not got Harvard or Yale, but received his law degree from Loyola University School of Law in 1962. In 1977 he was named Criminal Trial lawyer of the Year. Cochrane later became one of the most sought after attorneys of his time.

Another point to mention is cost. Cost varies greatly depending on the affluence of the school. The tuition at Harvard is quoted on their website at 35,000 per year with an estimated 21,000 a year for living expenses. A law school in Hawaii is around 10,500 per year. Idaho is reported as one of the lowest with tuition cost of 6,700 per year. However, with inflation these costs are increasing each year. The Law college experience lasts three years currently. After this opportunities open up for Private Practice, Corporate Law, Military and teaching, just to name a few. This is an immense field and again, can offer some very rewarding experiences in your life if you choose to pursue this career.

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Smoking has long been thought to cause a number of serious health problems, but most cigarette companies often deceived the public and the government about the true danger of their products. In fact, after decades of marketing cigarettes as safe, even healthy, the truth began to trickle out. By 2006, a Florida Supreme Court adopted a number of findings that will form the foundation of further smoking litigation cases. These findings include:

Florida Supreme Court, No. SC03-1856 Engle vs. Liggett Group, page 8
At present, the nicotine found in tobacco is deemed to be addictive
The defendants (i.e. the cigarette and tobacco companies) made available defective cigarettes that were unreasonably dangerous
The defendants intentionally mislead smokers with deliberately false statements intended to deceive them about the dangers of smoking
Defendants prevented their customers from learning about the health effects and addictive nature of cigarettes by deliberately concealing and omitting material that would have helped them form a better understanding of the risks of smoking.

While the class action ruling against tobacco companies de-certified and dismissed, this is actually beneficial to individual smokers because now they can file lawsuits on their own behalf to recover extensive damages.

Florida smokers are in a unique position to capitalize on this recent decision. While the initial objective of the Florida smokers class action lawsuit was to allow large groups of smokers to band together and get compensation for their injuries and hardship, individual lawsuits can now actually provide more restitution for victims of the greed and deception of tobacco companies.

The laws surrounding Florida tobacco law are intentionally confusing and complicated. The tobacco companies hope that the perceived difficulties of these legal actions will frustrate and deter victims from pursing the proper avenues for justice. The labor and work of dedicated legal professionals means that it is easier than ever to file a claim in Florida, but there is only a limited amount of time for potential litigants to take action.

The Florida Supreme Court has settled the issue that smoking is dangerous and tobacco companies intentionally misled the public about the dangers of smoking. The time for justice is at hand.

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